TYPE I DIABETES: COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES

Posted on 20th February 2011 by admin in Diabetes
Baseball fans all around the world know that Jackie Robinson, the first African-American player to break into the Major Leagues, was one of baseball’s greatest superstars. But few realize he had diabetes.
At first Jackie and his doctors were able to keep his disease under good control, and it hardly bothered him at all. But problems developed. First he developed an infection in a knee that he had once injured sliding into second base. The infection spread through his body, and Jackie almost died before antibiotics finally brought it under control.
In later years diabetes affected Jackie’s nerves and blood pressure, causing burning pains in his legs that eventually made him give up playing golf. Tiny blood vessels in his eyes began to bleed. Though doctors fought the damage with the newest techniques of laser surgery, Jackie lost the sight of one eye, then of the other. Then three heart attacks struck within four years; the last one killed him at the age of fifty-three.
Today very few people die of diabetic coma, but the disease can cause a number of serious complications that can limit and shorten life. People with diabetes are more likely than the average person to develop ailments of the heart and blood vessels, kidney problems, nerve damage, and eye problems, for example. (Diabetes is currently the leading cause of blindness in the United States.)
Fortunately, there are a number of ways of diagnosing diabetes early, as well as treatments that can help to prevent its disabling and life-threatening effects in many patients. In 1993 diabetes specialists and their patients were excited by the report on a large-scale, federally sponsored study. The results of this ten-year study showed that keeping the blood sugar level under careful, tight control could prevent most of the damaging complications of the disease.
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TYPE I DIABETES: COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETESBaseball fans all around the world know that Jackie Robinson, the first African-American player to break into the Major Leagues, was one of baseball’s greatest superstars. But few realize he had diabetes.At first Jackie and his doctors were able to keep his disease under good control, and it hardly bothered him at all. But problems developed. First he developed an infection in a knee that he had once injured sliding into second base. The infection spread through his body, and Jackie almost died before antibiotics finally brought it under control.In later years diabetes affected Jackie’s nerves and blood pressure, causing burning pains in his legs that eventually made him give up playing golf. Tiny blood vessels in his eyes began to bleed. Though doctors fought the damage with the newest techniques of laser surgery, Jackie lost the sight of one eye, then of the other. Then three heart attacks struck within four years; the last one killed him at the age of fifty-three.Today very few people die of diabetic coma, but the disease can cause a number of serious complications that can limit and shorten life. People with diabetes are more likely than the average person to develop ailments of the heart and blood vessels, kidney problems, nerve damage, and eye problems, for example. (Diabetes is currently the leading cause of blindness in the United States.)Fortunately, there are a number of ways of diagnosing diabetes early, as well as treatments that can help to prevent its disabling and life-threatening effects in many patients. In 1993 diabetes specialists and their patients were excited by the report on a large-scale, federally sponsored study. The results of this ten-year study showed that keeping the blood sugar level under careful, tight control could prevent most of the damaging complications of the disease.*16\268\2*

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CORONARY BLOCKAGES AND HEART ATTACK : CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE SYMPTOMS CAUSED BY CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE – CAUSES OF ANGINA PECTORIS & HOW SERIOUS IS ANGINA PECTORIS?

Posted on 13th February 2011 by admin in Cardio & Blood-Cholesterol
Causes of Angina Pectoris. Angina is the symptom that results from myocardial ischemia—insufficient blood and oxygen reaching the heart muscle because of blockage in the coronary arteries. The degree of coronary narrowing can vary, ranging from partial blockage in one vessel to extensive clogging of many vessels.
How Serious Is Angina Pectoris? If angina occurs only after unusual physical exertion, no dramatic change in life-style is required to prevent the pain. However, some people experience frequent bouts of angina during routine daily activities. They may change their daily routine so they do not have to do any strenuous exercise. Interestingly, the severity of symptoms does not relate directly to how many coronary arteries have blockages. A tight blockage in a small branch of a coronary artery can cause more discomfort in one person than severe narrowing of all three major coronary artery trunks in another-person.
Some people with ischemia do not have typical anginal chest pain. Instead, they experience shortness of breath or, less commonly, fatigue or weakness as the only or main symptom of cardiac ischemia.  Nevertheless, whatever the resulting symptoms, coronary artery disease represents ischemia in the heart muscle and should be monitored by your doctor.
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CORONARY BLOCKAGES AND  HEART ATTACK : CORONARY ARTERY DISEASESYMPTOMS CAUSED BY CORONARY ARTERY  DISEASE – CAUSES OF ANGINA PECTORIS & HOW SERIOUS IS ANGINA PECTORIS?Causes of Angina Pectoris. Angina is the symptom that results from myocardial ischemia—insufficient blood and oxygen reaching the heart muscle because of blockage in the coronary arteries. The degree of coronary narrowing can vary, ranging from partial blockage in one vessel to extensive clogging of many vessels.How Serious Is Angina Pectoris? If angina occurs only after unusual physical exertion, no dramatic change in life-style is required to prevent the pain. However, some people experience frequent bouts of angina during routine daily activities. They may change their daily routine so they do not have to do any strenuous exercise. Interestingly, the severity of symptoms does not relate directly to how many coronary arteries have blockages. A tight blockage in a small branch of a coronary artery can cause more discomfort in one person than severe narrowing of all three major coronary artery trunks in another-person.Some people with ischemia do not have typical anginal chest pain. Instead, they experience shortness of breath or, less commonly, fatigue or weakness as the only or main symptom of cardiac ischemia.  Nevertheless, whatever the resulting symptoms, coronary artery disease represents ischemia in the heart muscle and should be monitored by your doctor.*149\252\8*

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PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY: ASSESSMENT OF BIOCHEMICAL DATA

Posted on 7th February 2011 by admin in Cancer
A. laboratory tests that can be monitored before and during
repletion include the following
Obtain laboratory panel to screen for organ function to include: sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, glucose, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, total protein, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, alaline aminotransferase, y-glutamyltransferase, and total bilirubin.
Serum albumin <3.2 mg/dL may indicate decreased protein stores.
Serum prealbumin level can be increased with impaired renal function (normal value varies with age), and decreased with altered hepatic function.
B. Providing nutrition to patients who are depleted can result in
abnormalities such as:
1. The refeeding syndrome
This is seen in patients chronically deprived of adequate nutrition and is characterized by metabolic complications, severe fluid shifts, hypokalemia, and hypophosphatemia that occur in patients who are repleted enterally and par-enterally. Monitor sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, BUN, creatinine, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.
2. Tube feeding syndrome
This is characterized by hypertonic dehydration, hyper-natremia, and prerenal azotemia in patients receiving highly osmotic enteral feeds.
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PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY: ASSESSMENT OF BIOCHEMICAL DATAA. laboratory tests that can be monitored before and duringrepletion include the followingObtain laboratory panel to screen for organ function to include: sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, glucose, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, total protein, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, alaline aminotransferase, y-glutamyltransferase, and total bilirubin.Serum albumin <3.2 mg/dL may indicate decreased protein stores.Serum prealbumin level can be increased with impaired renal function (normal value varies with age), and decreased with altered hepatic function.B. Providing nutrition to patients who are depleted can result inabnormalities such as:1. The refeeding syndromeThis is seen in patients chronically deprived of adequate nutrition and is characterized by metabolic complications, severe fluid shifts, hypokalemia, and hypophosphatemia that occur in patients who are repleted enterally and par-enterally. Monitor sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, BUN, creatinine, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.2. Tube feeding syndromeThis is characterized by hypertonic dehydration, hyper-natremia, and prerenal azotemia in patients receiving highly osmotic enteral feeds.*65\168\2*

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